15/07/2026
A Tale of Two Cordillera Days
Joanna Cariรฑo
CPA Pioneer and Advisory Council
2019 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights Awardee
On July 15, 1987, then President Corazon Aquino signed EO 220 after the September 13, 1986 sipat with the Cordillera Peopleโs Liberation Army (CPLA) at Mt. Data, Mountain Province. July 15 has since been declared the governmentโs Cordillera Day.
The sipat was government peace talks with the Cordillera Peopleโs Liberation Army, which had split from the New Peopleโs Army in the Cordillera. Soon after, the CPLA was used as a counter-insurgency force in the region, not only against the New Peopleโs Army but even against open democratic activists. It is on record that they admitted to the assassination of Daniel Ngayaan, then chair of the Cordillera Bodong Association and vice chair of the Cordillera Peopleโs Alliance (CPA), Abra organizer Romy Gardo, and several others soon after the sipat. Up to the present time, there has been no justice for these extra-judicial killings by this counter-insurgency force let loose by the government.
EO 220 regionalized the Cordillera provinces into the Cordillera Administrative Region, created the Cordillera Regional Assembly (CRA), Cordillera Executive Board (CEB), and Cordillera Bodong Administration CBAd), which were supposed to prepare for regional autonomy as mandated in the 1987 Constitution. These transitional bodies were dominated by CPLA leader Conrado Balweg as kingpin and his endorsed appointees.
The CRA โ CEB โ CBAd lasted for 13 years, from 1987 to 2000, when Congress cut off its budget as these bodies had no significant achievements as per their mandate.
For the record, the provision for regional autonomy for the Cordillera was the result of the CPA lobby of the Constitutional Commission, as also was the provision on the recognition of the right to ancestral land. In fact, as early as 1984 when the CPA was organized, regional autonomy as our recommended form of self-determination in the Cordillera was already included in the CPA founding documents. CPA was among the many organizations that conducted the Cordillera Regionalization campaign in 1984-85 with thousands of signatures gathered region-wide for submission to the Interim Batasang Pambansa. CPAโs position then was Regionalization and Beyond โ to Regional Autonomy. All of these are factual events that many witness participants can attest to.
There is historical revisionism and rewriting of history when government wrongfully tried to negate and coopt the role of the progressive mass movement in advancing indigenous peoplesโ rights and calling for regional autonomy. Government overstates the significance of the Mt. Data sipat and the CPLA in the Cordillera movement for regional autonomy. They have made Conrado Balweg as their icon for regional autonomy. He is a safe icon as he was coddled, coopted and used for counter-insurgency not only against the armed combatants of the New Peopleโs Army, but even against the open democratic mass movement and CPA. They forwarded a wrong interpretation of history for their hidden agenda of counter-insurgency. They refused to acknowledge that it was the mass movement that initiated and popularized the call for regional autonomy as the form of self-determination in the Cordillera. In fact, in the days after the sipat, the Corazon Aquino government and the CPLA actively tried to marginalize the Cordillera Peopleโs Alliance.
On the other hand, the significance of Peopleโs Cordillera Day commemorated on April 24 is that we honor Macliing Dulag and the other martyrs in the defense of land, life, livelihood and honor against dictatorship, development aggression and national oppression. Our icon for the Cordillera struggle is Macliing Dulag and we continue in his footsteps in advancing indigenous peopleโs rights, national freedom and democracy.
Macliing Dulag was was one of the outspoken leaders of the opposition to the Chico dams. He was a traditional leader or pangat of the Butbut tribe from Bugnay, Tinglayan, Kalinga. He was a simple man, unlettered. He was a caminero for road maintenance of the Bontok โ Kalinga road.
On April 24, 1980, military troops of the Marcos dictatorship led by Lt. Leodegario Adalem stealthily entered Bugnay in the dead of night and sprayed Macliingโs house with bullets, instantly killing him. He was targeted by the dictatorship in order to intimidate and silence the opposition. However, it had the opposite effect. The people refused to be cowed. They instead turned grief into courage and valor. Macliingโs martyrdom only served to intensify the peopleโs anger and resistance.
One year after Macliingโs martyrdom, on April 24, 1981, his ili Bugnay hosted a Macliing Memorial gathering to honor Macliing and the other martyrs who had given up their lives in the Chico struggle. In the following years, from 1982 to 1984, Macliing Memorial events were hosted by communities along the Chico river on the anniversary of his martyrdom.
The Macliing Memorial commemorative events grew bigger by the year. Aside from the peacepact partners from the dam-affected communities, there were also more support groups and advocates in attendance. The host indigenous communities were commonly filled to the overflowing, but with everyone leaving with renewed spirits of courage and resistance.
In 1985, five years after Macliingโs murder, April 24 transformed into Cordillera Day. The first Cordillera Day was hosted by Belwang, Sadanga, with the Kalinga Bontoc Peace Pact Holders Association and CPA. The declaration of April 24, Macliingโs martyrdom, as Cordillera Day was an act of self-determination by the popular resistance to Chico, development aggression and dictatorship, and the militant mass movement that it spawned.
Since then, Cordillera Day has annually been commemorated by the CPA and has been held in all of the provinces and hosted by many local communities throughout the region. Usually, the host community and province is where there are flashpoint issues such as the entry of destructive mining or dams. Cordillera Day has become the red-letter day of the progressive mass movement as it commemorates the successful resistance of Kaigorotan against the development aggression of the Marcos Dictatorship and the World Bank, honors Macliing Dulag and other martyrs of IP struggles, provides education and information on current local, regional, and national issues, is a festive event for cultural renewal and exchange, and a solidarity gathering to include advocates of IP struggles.
So, which is your Cordillera Day?